A Culturally Sensitive Approach to Mental and Behavioral Health Care: Defining Culturally Affirming Therapy and Culturally Responsive Care
Thrive • July 6, 2022
By Olga L. Mesina, Ph.D.
Forming a trusting, productive therapeutic relationship requires a clinician who takes a client’s cultural background, perspective, and values into consideration. For those in minority cultures – be it racial, sexual, or gender – seeking mental or behavioral health support can be an incredibly vulnerable experience as it may be challenging to find a therapist who understands their culture.
One possible solution is working with a culturally sensitive clinician that integrates culturally affirming therapy and culturally responsive care. These therapeutic approaches seek to honor the influence of a person’s culture on their well-being and offer healing strategies for practicing resiliency.
HOW CULTURE INFLUENCES MENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL HEALTH
Culture comprises the core behavior patterns, beliefs, and values within racial, ethnic, religious, and social groups. Often minority cultures, or groups that differ from the dominant populations, face discrimination, oppression, and racism. These experiences can add harmful and traumatic stressors to the lives of those in minority communities, placing them more at risk for mental and behavioral health concerns.
Related: BIPOC Mental Health Awareness Month: Highlighting Strength and Resilience in BIPOC Communities
Some destructive experiences minority groups may face include:
- Discrimination: Prejudicial and demoralizing treatment based on race, ethnicity, religion, sexual or gender identity, etc. Discrimination may cause a person to hide their true identity in place of one that may be more socially acceptable.
- Racial trauma: Mental or emotional harm resulting from living within a racist system or experiencing events of racism, which can result in post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms.
- Intergenerational and historical trauma:
Types of trauma that cause biological, social, mental, and emotional reverberations throughout lineages.
- Intergenerational trauma: Occurs when the implications of an individual’s trauma, such as sexual assault, are passed down to their children and so on. Although trauma affects individuals at similar rates across cultures, research shows that those in minority communities are less likely to seek treatment for trauma.
- Historical trauma: Develops when a community or generation collectively experiences trauma, such as oppression. The trauma can be passed through the generations.
- Generational poverty: Describes when poverty persists for two or more generations. This kind of poverty can be a result of trauma, especially trauma brought on by discriminatory treatment.
- Health disparities : Those in minority cultures may face a lack of access to health resources and care due to public policies, racial biases, and sex and gender affiliation.
WHAT IS CULTURALLY AFFIRMING THERAPY?
Culturally affirming therapy values and celebrates one’s cultural identity, while also acknowledging how their cultural background influences their mental and behavioral health.
Elements of culturally affirming therapy include:
- Self-awareness: Clinicians gain insight into how their own cultural background, personal assumptions, and unconscious biases impact their personal and professional perspectives.
- Education: On their own, professionals work to educate themselves on any aspects of their clients’ cultural identities that they may not be informed about.
- Understanding: Practitioners ask questions about their clients’ cultural backgrounds to explore what role their identities play in their mental and behavioral health.
- Affirmation: Providers affirm their client’s identity and encourage them to embrace their authenticity. They never treat their client’s differences as a “problem,” “symptom,” or “condition.”
- Acknowledgment: Therapists approach treatment with the understanding that marginalized groups face discrimination , racial trauma , intergenerational trauma , historical trauma , generational poverty, and health disparities that can place them more at risk for mental and behavioral health struggles. They acknowledge any oppression that clients describe experiencing.
- Humility: Clinicians lead with humility, accepting any client feedback and adjusting as necessary.
Through culturally affirming therapy, therapists can make their clients feel understood, supported, and safe to honestly express themselves.
WHAT IS CULTURALLY RESPONSIVE CARE?
Culturally responsive care is an action-oriented approach that can help clients develop strategies for facing struggles relating to their cultural identities, especially if they’re in a marginalized group.
Elements of culturally responsive care include:
- Identification: Practitioners identify any symptoms possibly brought on by discrimination such as negative self-talk and feelings of hopelessness.
- Reframing: Clinicians may help their clients practice resiliency in the face of oppression while encouraging their personal growth and courage.
- Guidance: Clients who engage in “mainstream actions” may encounter resistance from others in their same culture. Providers can guide clients in carrying out these social interactions with others in their community.
- Collaboration: Therapists work alongside their clients to explore ways to make space for necessary social change.
- Mindfulness: Providers encourage the practice of mindfulness as a way of coping with social injustices that are out of their clients’ control.
A culturally responsive care approach can empower individuals in minority communities to discover healing, happiness, and purpose amid unjust and discriminating circumstances.
CULTURALLY SENSITIVE MENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL HEALTH CARE AT THRIVE
Thrive offers a safe, welcoming, and healing place for individuals of all cultures. In our therapeutic practice, we lead with the awareness that minorities face unfair societal treatment that may make them more vulnerable to mental and behavioral health concerns. We take a culturally sensitive clinical approach, implementing both culturally affirming therapy and culturally responsive care so individuals of all identities can heal and grow confidently and authentically. Reach out to learn more about our therapeutic services .
About the Contributor
Olga L. Mesina, Ph.D. is a National Board Certified Counselor (NBCC) and Certified Rehabilitation Counselor (CRC) in Northern Nevada who consults Thrive Wellness on a part-time basis to provide clinical and community-based guidance in relation to diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives. She believes that there is a huge need for culturally aware providers and clinicians that work with underrepresented populations in any community, and is passionate about increasing awareness, developing understanding, and promoting professional development within the mental health care space.
As a first-generation Latina, Olga has been inspired to work tirelessly for the success of all students. Her efforts focus on creating new programming and learning opportunities for students with disabilities to pursue their chosen careers and life goals at the community college level. Olga was born in Winnemucca, Nevada, and grew up mainly in Reno, Nevada. She is a single mom of an amazing 11-year-old daughter. Olga has her Ph.D. in Special Education from the University of Nevada, Reno, focusing on transitioning from K-12 to college. She also holds a Master of Arts in Counseling and Educational Psychology from the University of Nevada, Reno, and a Master of Science in Rehabilitation Counseling from Texas Tech Health Sciences Center. She started her career in higher education as a graduate intern in the Undecided Advising office at the University of Nevada, Reno in 2006.
Olga has worked primarily with individuals with disabilities since 2008 when she joined the Bureau of Vocational Rehabilitation as a Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor. She worked with a diverse clientele and became particularly interested in removing barriers for individuals interested in completing higher education in their pathway to attaining employment. She joined TMCC in 2013 as a specialist in the Re-Entry program and in 2014 as a specialist in the Disability Resource Center, working with students with disabilities transitioning from high school to college. She has been working with the TMCC Disability Resource Center since 2014 and loves working with students and staff. [Preferred Pronouns: She/Her/Hers]
This Eating Disorders Awareness Month, we’re focusing on fighting the misinformation and stereotypes surrounding eating disorders that so often create barriers to diagnosis and treatment. Myths about eating disorders can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and keep people from receiving effective and timely treatment when they need it. It’s no secret that the field of eating disorders is riddled with misinformation, leading to confusion, stigma, and shame for those struggling. In this blog post, we'll explore the common myths about eating disorders and fight them with concrete facts in the hopes of building a more informed and educated community when it comes to these serious mental health conditions. Eating Disorder Myths Versus Facts Myth: Only those who are medically underweight have an eating disorder. Fact: Someone can have an eating disorder at any weight. In fact, less than 6% of those diagnosed with an eating disorder are medically underweight. There is even a specific diagnosis for those who are not underweight showing the symptoms of anorexia called atypical anorexia. People of all sizes are at risk for serious complications from an eating disorder, not just those that are underweight. Myth: Only women have eating disorders Fact: Although often associated with teen girls, eating disorders can affect those of any gender and age. While stereotypes and stigma surrounding eating disorders may tell us that men are not commonly affected by them, research has found that nearly 25% of those who present for eating disorder treatment are male. Keeping an open mind around who can be affected by eating disorders allows for more accurate and timely diagnosis and treatment for those who need it. Myth: Eating disorders are just about food. Facts: While eating disorders always involve an unhealthy relationship with food or body image, they also are rooted in biological, psychological and sociocultural aspects. Eating disorders cannot be treated just by changing eating behaviors, but by addressing the mental aspect of the illness as well. This is why integrated treatment involving a team of social workers, primary care specialists, therapists, and in some cases occupational therapists or psychiatrists is so crucial: a holistic approach is needed to treat all aspects of an eating disorder. Myth: Eating disorders aren’t that serious. Fact: Eating disorders are extremely serious and life-threatening mental disorders that require dedicated treatment. In fact, anorexia nervosa has the second highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder. By taking eating disorders and their diagnosis and treatment seriously, we can save lives. Myth: Eating disorders are a choice. Fact: Just like any other illness, eating disorders are not a choice or a phase, nor is recovery from an eating disorder just a simple decision to start eating more or less. Recovery is not dependent on willpower, but on ongoing professional treatment and long-term support. The recovery process can be lengthy and challenging, requiring patience and a supportive environment and team on your side. It is a gradual, step-by-step journey, rather than an instantaneous decision made on one person’s part. Myth: Eating disorders always involve negative body image. Fact: Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) does not have to do with body image. Those with ARFID may avoid many foods because of texture, taste, color, or smell, or feared outcomes of eating like choking or vomiting. Like any other eating disorder, ARFID is serious and requires specialized treatment like exposure-response prevention therapy. Myth: Eating disorders only affect White people. Fact: Although Black, Latina/o/x/e, Indigenous/Native, and Asian people are historically underrepresented in studies of eating disorders, large-scale studies have found that rates of eating disorders are the same or higher in all racial and ethnic groups as compared to white individuals (NEDA). Removing racial stereotypes around eating disorders can help to remove barriers that BIPOC individuals commonly face when seeking treatment. Dispelling the Myths: A Path Towards Understanding By addressing and dispelling these myths, we can create a safe space that promotes understanding and empathy. Eating disorders are not choices or phases, but debilitating mental health issues that can affect anyone. Recognizing the seriousness of these disorders is so important in reducing stigma and ensuring that those who are struggling receive the care and support they require. This month and every month, we encourage you to fight misinformation and stick up for those experiencing eating disorders, because knowledge and education can be one of the greatest assets to recovery for those who need it. If you or someone you know is in need of eating disorder support, don’t be afraid to reach out , our team of healthcare professionals are here for you. To learn more about eating disorders and the journey to recovery, download our free eating disorders guide .
Did you know that February is Eating Disorder Awareness month? Here at Thrive, we're passionate about educating our community and providing tools for eating disorder recognition while offering the specialized support and treatment that those with eating disorders deserve. Join us this month in the conversation around eating disorders and putting an end to harmful stereotypes and misinformation. Let's cover six reasons why building awareness around eating disorders is so crucial. 6 reasons why eating disorder awareness is important 1. Eating disorders are serious. Despite often being termed as a "choice" or a "phase," eating disorders are an incredibly serious psychological condition that require specialized treatment and support. Anorexia Nervosa has the second highest mortality rate of any psychiatric diagnosis in the United States, and every 52 minutes, 1 person dies as a direct consequence of an eating disorder (NEDA) . By spreading awareness and providing early intervention in eating disorder treatment, we can not only change lives, but save them. 2. Eating disorders are more common than you think. 9% of the US population will have an eating disorder at some point in their lives and 22% of children and adolescents worldwide show symptoms of disordered eating (NEDA). Since eating disorders can be challenging to detect, many go undiagnosed. Raising awareness for eating disorders and educating our community partners about their symptoms can allow us to catch eating disorders as early as possible and bring these statistics down. 3. Fight harmful eating disorder stereotypes. A common stereotype in association with eating disorders is that of the "thin, white, affluent female," however, anyone is at risk of an eating disorder despite their appearance or background. Stereotypes associated with eating disorders around weight, gender, age and race can create serious barriers to seeking care and major disparities in treatment. People experiencing an eating disorder can face challenges in seeking and receiving treatment or may feel unworthy of recovery when they don’t fit a stereotype, preventing them from gaining needed support and treatment. Promoting diversity and representation through awareness and education can help to break down the harmful stereotypes that have historically surrounded eating disorders. 4. Eating disorder recovery is not a one person job. Family and loved ones’ involvement in eating disorder treatment is crucial for recovery. Family-based therapy (FBT) has proven to be effective in 50% of patients being treated for anorexia nervosa, and is effective in the treatment of other eating disorders as well. A strong support system and steadfast relationships through the struggles associated with eating disorders can lead to more effective and long-lasting recovery. With more awareness and education, people will be better equipped to provide assistance to their loved ones in recovery. 5. You’re not alone. Eating disorders can be an isolating and painful disorder, making those experiencing it feel like they’re the only ones, or that no one understands what they’re going through. Building an informed community through awareness and education can be the first step towards diagnosis and treatment for those who need it. 6. Recovery is Real. Those with eating disorders are capable of long-term recovery through appropriate treatment. Research has found that the earlier intervention takes place in the treatment of eating disorders, the better the odds of long-term recovery are. Awareness and education around eating disorders helps the people that need support find it sooner, resulting in a repaired relationship with food and the body and a fuller life. How can I get involved in eating disorder awareness efforts? To get involved in eating disorder awareness efforts, start by educating yourself about the complexities and different types of eating disorders. By gaining a deeper understanding, you can become a more effective advocate. You can also consider participating in local or national events such as walks, trainings, or online webinars that aim to raise awareness, provide support to those affected, and offer education around eating disorders and their diagnosis. Another simple step for building awareness can be using your social media platform to share factual information, personal stories, or relevant resources that can help demystify eating disorders and reduce stigma. Additionally, supporting legislative efforts that promote mental health education and funding for eating disorder research can help in creating systemic change. By taking these steps, you can contribute to this important movement and work alongside us to foster acceptance, encourage early intervention, and ultimately save lives. Eating Disorder Treatment and Support Thrive offers a free eating disorder guide with more information about eating disorder symptoms and recovery. If you or someone you know is struggling with eating or body image, don’t be afraid to reach out to professionals for support. At Thrive Wellness, we offer a number of treatment options for all ages and genders, including a partial hospitalization program, an intensive outpatient program, outpatient therapy, occupational therapy, nutrition services, and more. Don’t wait to get started on treatment, contact us for a free eating disorder assessment today.
You’ve probably heard of “Dry January” or are even participating yourself. More and more people seem to be experimenting with or embracing sobriety from alcohol, but what benefits are there from abstaining? In this article, we’ll explore alcohol’s effects on mental health, the symptoms of alcohol use disorder (AUD), and the benefits of cutting back on drinking. Alcohol's Effects on Mental Health Commonly consumed as a way to relax after a long day or to lighten up in social interactions, alcohol is a widely used and culturally accepted drug despite warnings of its dangers by health experts . When a person regularly drinks, it can result in a slew of complications for their physical and mental health. Although often consumed in an attempt to escape stress, sadness, or other unpleasant emotions, alcohol itself is a depressant that can contribute to negative feelings and exacerbate existing mental health conditions, especially with prolonged use. Alcohol influences thoughts, mood, and behaviors by impacting the central nervous system in a way that slows the communication between the brain and the body. Without the ability to process information effectively, the brain isn't able to regulate emotions and consider consequences effectively which may promote unhealthy behaviors, including drinking to excess. Ways that alcohol can affect cognitive functioning include: Lowering inhibitions Contributing to poor judgment Causing confusion Causing lapses in memory Disrupting sleep Contributing to shifts in mood Alcohol and Mental Disorders According to the Journal of the American Medical Association, 37% of people with alcohol use disorders also have at least one serious mental illness. Furthermore, alcohol abuse commonly occurs alongside depression and anxiety . Research has shown that those with major depressive disorder and those with generalized anxiety disorder were more likely to report life‐time moderate to severe alcohol use disorder than those without these conditions. Frequently, individuals struggling with depression or anxiety self-medicate by drinking alcohol. Although alcohol may provide temporary relief, it expends the chemicals in the brain which help ward off anxiety and depression. When the initial effects of the drug fade, individuals are typically left feeling more depressed or anxious than they did before they began drinking. Related: Eating Disorders, Substance Abuse, and Substance Abuse Disorders Alcohol Use and Depression The slowed functioning of the brain caused by alcohol can allow individuals to numb to their suffering. As such, those experiencing depression may be inclined to drink to avoid the sadness, pain, and hopelessness associated with depression. This maladaptive coping behavior is so prevalent that research shows a clear relationship between alcohol use disorder (AUD) and major depression. Using alcohol while depressed can be extremely dangerous. Not only can alcohol negatively interact with antidepressants, but it can also place individuals experiencing depression at an increased risk for suicidal thoughts and behavior . If you're experiencing suicidal thoughts or behaviors , you can reach the National Suicide Prevention Hotline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255). Alcohol Use and Anxiety According to a study on anxiety and AUD , a person with an anxiety disorder is two to three times more likely to develop an alcohol abuse disorder. When individuals with anxiety drink alcohol, they may feel an initial alleviation of their symptoms as well as a sense of euphoria. However, the symptoms of hangovers and alcohol withdrawal following heavy drinking can heighten feelings of anxiousness and interfere with ones daily obligations, contributing to even more agitation. This feeling of dread and anxiety associated with a hangover is commonly referred to as " hangxiety ," but for those with existing anxiety conditions, this side effect of drinking can feel unbearable. Individuals with anxiety may be driven to drink more to tamper their stress and re-establish the sense of euphoria, resulting in a dangerous cycle of alcohol abuse. Unhealthy Drinking Behaviors and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) Most who regularly drink alcohol don't have AUD, which develops when addiction is present. However, alcohol-related side-effects on mental health are still common, and they may still benefit from mental health support . Signs of unhealthy alcohol use include: Feeling a need to consume alcohol to make it through the day Feeling unable to stop consuming alcohol Progressively feeling a need to increase consumption of alcohol Drinking to prevent or alleviate symptoms of hangover or withdrawal Feeling ashamed of ones alcohol consumption Having loved ones express concern over drinking habits AUD is a condition that is often driven by genetics, abuse, trauma, or unhealthy family dynamics. Healing from AUD is possible and it can be treated with the help of mental health professionals and a dedicated treatment plan. Signs of AUD include: Alcohol use that interferes with the ability to carry out daily activities Drinking despite the behaviors adverse effects on their life Often drinking more or for a longer period of time than intended Persistent desire and unsuccessful attempts to curb alcohol use Revolving their schedule around drinking Experiencing strong cravings for alcohol Continuing to drink despite experiencing recurring illness or social issues as a result of alcohol use Giving up activities one used to enjoy in favor of drinking Using alcohol during situations where its physically hazardous to be impaired Continuing to use alcohol despite knowing that it exacerbates a known existing health condition Developing a tolerance for alcohol, or needing more alcohol to feel the same effects Experiencing alcohol withdrawal or drinking more to avoid withdrawal What are the Mental Health Benefits of Going Sober or Drinking Less Alcohol? Reducing or eliminating your alcohol consumption can lead to a variety of mental health benefits, improving your overall quality of life. When going sober or cutting back on your alcohol consumption, some of the benefits you can look forward to are: Improved mood stability, including reduced feelings of depression and anxiety Improved sleep quality Enhanced cognitive function Increased energy levels Improved concentration and productivity Increased self-esteem More authentic social interactions Improved relationships Limiting your alcohol consumption has the capability to change your life for the better, as it can help you establish a healthier mental environment, build better connections, and improve your physical health. Support for Alcohol Abuse and its Mental Health Impacts As humans, it can be uncomfortable for us to process difficult experiences and feel intense emotions. Therapy can help heal the source of your struggles driving alcohol abuse, while also guiding you in implementing healthy strategies for processing painful emotions. Through professional mental health support, you can be empowered to embrace life without having to rely on alcohol. Thrive offers outpatient therapy for substance abuse struggles in addition to other mental and behavioral health conditions. Reach out to learn more. Additional Resources SAMHSAs National Helpline : A free, confidential, and 24/7 service for individuals and families facing mental health conditions and/or substance use disorders, reachable by calling 1-800-662-HELP (4357) or texting 435748 (HELP4U). National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholisms (NIAAA) Treatment for Alcohol Problems : A guide for individuals and their loved ones who are looking for options to address struggles with alcohol use.
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